Putting aside for the time being the ,all the stars aligned, output claims from Italian manufacturers, and lowest likely output claims from the Germans, then there's HP V BHP. Not that a few bhp makes much difference when you have over 200 bhp on a road bike, but the MCN road test on the 23 S1000RR stated it has 210 German donkeys. I wonder how that really compares to what a 23/ V4 Panigale puts out? To further muddy the water the MCN comparison of those 2 bikes, using a pro rider, the BMW was faster around the track. Surprising considering the nicer suspension on the Ducati.